Number of seeds for planting:
Garlic seeds are prepared in two successive stages as follows: -

The first stage of preparing seeds for planting:

In it, the dry thrones are cut. Garlic is cut so that each clove is separate while avoiding leaving two cloves sticking together, as this leads to the germination of two plants in the same hole, creating competition over the place and food. Not only this, but their marketing qualities decrease. On the other hand, the cutting of the seeds should be a few days before planting and does not exceed a week at most, as the early cutting of the garlic heads leads to a decrease in the vitality of the cloves and a decrease in the percentage of their germination as a result of the rapid depletion of part of the food around the fetus. It is also taken into account to exclude the broken, rotten, and insect-infested lobes, the lobes contrary to the variety, and the minimal lobes in size, especially in the municipal variety.

The second stage of preparing seeds for planting:

This is done on the night of planting and is not done before that, where garlic seeds are soaked in water for 12-16 hours for the strain 40-sixth and EGAS 2.1, while the garlic cloves are soaked for no more than 12 hours only so that the cloves are not exposed, after soaking the cloveswashing water, extracted and filtered, the cloves are soaked in an antiseptic solution for 20 minutes. The solution consists of the pesticide Ridomil at a rate of 50 g per liter of water. After soaking, the disinfectant solution is filtered and spread on a mattress until it dries a little. The disinfectant sticks to it so the seeds are ready for planting directly in the ground.

Research carried out by El-Zohairi et al. (2014) found that soaking garlic cloves before planting them in a solution consisting of some microelements at concentrations (800 ppm zinc + 600 ppm manganese + 400 ppm copper) increased their growth characteristics. Significantly, the size of the head should be increased in length and width, and the average weight of the lobe and the total yield should be increased.

 preparing the land for planting garlic:

First: In the lands of the valley and the delta:

The land is thoroughly plowed twice, each perpendicular to the other, to dismantle and ventilate the soil well and remove weeds. Municipal fertilizer and superphosphate fertilizer should be added between the first and second plowing so that the old municipal fertilizer is wholly decomposed and free of weed seeds. It is forbidden to add sheep and goat manure in garlic fertilization. Animals often feed on weeds and herbs, and their waste contains live weed seeds that can germinate at a high density, as the weed seeds are not digested inside the stomachs of these animals. However, the seeds can germinate and grow.

Fertilizer additives while preparing the land for planting:

In the lands of the valley and the Delta Nile, 20-25 m 3 FYM + 3-4 bags of calcium superphosphate (150- 200 kg) + 150 kg of yellow sulfur are added all during the preparation of the land for cultivation the municipality, taking into account burying the compost underground and within reach of the roots of plants that are scheduled to be planted later. The ground crawls and plots at a rate of 12 lines in the two reeds in the case of planting on two feathers or at a rate of 14 lines in the two reeds in the case of planting on one feather. Then, the lines are cleared and smoothed.

 Second: Preparing sandy and newly reclaimed lands for agriculture:

The sandy lands are prepared by conducting the plowing process to remove the existing weeds and then adding municipal compost or compost as well as superphosphate fertilizer and agricultural sulfur when preparing the land for planting and stirring it well in the soil, in the case of establishing lines or terraces, and in the case of planting in lines, deep sewers are made. The compost is buried in Baladi or poultry manure and settled in the soil.

Fertilizer additives and their benefits for sandy lands:

Municipal fertilizer is added at a rate of 35-40 m3 / feddan or Compost at a rate of 20 m3 / feddan in addition to 5 m3 / feddan of poultry broth, if available + 3-4 bags of calcium superphosphate per feddan + 150 kg of agricultural sulfur / feddan while Preparing the land for planting, with the need to stir these fertilizers well with the soil. It is preferable to make deep sewers in the middle of the lines or terraces, put the organic fertilizer in them, and bury them.

 Benefits of organic fertilizer for sandy lands:

 Organic fertilizer helps to increase the cohesion of sandy soil granules, improve their construction, and enhance the ability to retain water and nutrients necessary for plant growth. It also has a significant role in increasing the soil content of the elements needed for plants, such as Nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, and manganese, so these elements move from the soil in the long run. In which the plant remains in the soil to plants. Organic fertilizers contain a large proportion of antibiotics, which, of course, has led to an increase in the growth of plants, and it also helps to eliminate fungi that harm agriculture. Organic fertilizer contributes to the disposal of many types of toxic compounds that harm plants and weaken agriculture, such as lead and cadmium.

 * The method of planting cloves in the ancient lands:

It is possible to follow the traditional method prevalent in the Egyptian countryside so far by irrigating the land immediately before planting. When the lines are saturated with water, the workers plant the cloves on one side of the line in the case of planning at a rate of 14 lines/2 s or on both sides of the line in the case of planning at 12 lines/ 2 s. This method is usually carried out in small areas.  

Disadvantages of this method:

It requires a large number of labor and also requires the presence of some water in the ducts of the lines so that the worker can rinse his hand with which the clay is stuck after planting each lobe in the ground, in addition to the difficulty of hoeing later as a result of the workers pressing the soil granules when performing the cultivation process. The land can be irrigated as a pile, and when it has a moisture content, it allows the passage of agricultural workers. Before it dries up too much, the cloves prepared for cultivation and previously soaked in water and micron sulfur at a distance of 10 cm between the lobe and the other are planted on one or two blades according to the rate of planning and provided that it is More than two-thirds of the lobe in terms of its base is below the surface of the soil, and less than one-third of it is above the surface of the soil. The land is irrigated immediately after planting is completed.   

 Cultivation in dry land is done directly with garlic seeds soaked in water and disinfectant solution, using the fingers of the hand directly, but this requires that the soil granules be smooth or use wedges or beaks. For fine soil, bear in mind that there is little difference between this method and the cultivation method in the presence of water.  

Features of this method:

 It is the speed of completing the cultivation process quickly without obstacles. However, the disadvantage of this method is that it requires well-trained labor to control the distances and depth of cultivation.

* Cultivation of garlic in sandy lands and newly reclaimed lands has three methods, namely: -

After adding the organic fertilizers and stirring them well in the soil, terraces with a width of 100 cm are made. Irrigation hoses are placed along these terraces so that there are two or three hoses on each terrace, and the distance between the hose and the other is 30-50 cm. The hose is 15 cm away from the edge of the terrace, and garlic is planted on both sides. 

Each hose alternately at a distance of 10 cm between the lobe and the other and a distance of 15 cm from the edge of the terrace on both sides, taking into account that the entire lobe is planted in the ground so as not to be exposed to drought, as the sandy soil loses its moisture faster than the clay soil and the cultivated lobes may be exposed to drought. It is also possible to make lines 50 cm wide only with one hose for irrigation, following the exact planting distances as before.  

In the case of well-leveled sandy lands, it is possible to plant in lines without the need to make terraces, where the hoses are placed at a distance of 50 cm from each other and garlic cloves are planted on both sides of the irrigation hoses and at a distance of 10 cm from the hose and the distance between the lobe and the other is 10 cm. The cloves are mutual (Crow's man) on both sides of the hose, and the lobe is planted well in the soil so that its base is down and its top is up and at the soil surface level.  

Before planting sandy lands, it is taken into account that the land is fermented for at least 20 hours to wash the salts, and 10 liters of sulfuric acid/acre should be injected in batches to wash away harmful salts and reduce the degree of PH Soil and for ease of planting cloves. Also, please take into account the installation of irrigation hoses by wire in the form of the letter V at a distance of a meter to a meter and a half so that the wind does not move it from its place, which leads to the failure to irrigate the lobes and then not to germinate, or the seedlings wither and die as a result of thirst.

 Automatic cultivation of garlic:  

It is known that garlic cultivation is one of the costly operations due to the high wages of agricultural labor, and labor may be scarce or few, as is the case in new lands, which necessitates the need to work on introducing garlic cultivation technology by machines, but this requires conditions, the most important of which are: -

- The area to be cultivated should be large or small areas combined

-The ground should be sandy or light yellow.

- The ground should be completely flat, and the laser can be used in the leveling operations.

- Training technical cadres to operate agricultural machinery until cultivation is carried out at a fixed depth and regular agricultural distances between plants and between the lines of cultivation to ensure the optimum number of plants per acre, achieving the highest yield with good specifications. There are two-row, three- ---, and four-row garlic cultivation machines, but they are fed manually, meaning each row has a chair on which the worker sits to feed the machine manually. The production capacity of this machine is in the range of 1.25-1.5 acres per day.

  There are also fully automatic machines that do not require labor, but their daily production capacity is also low. Their specifications are as follows: Planting depth is adjustable—from 20 mm to 160 mm max. 

  Dimensions: (length/width/height) 2000 / 1300 / 950 mm.

 Weight 110 kg Adjustable row spacing - from 300 mm to a maximum of 400 mm The distance between the seeds has multiple options from 65 mm to a maximum of 200 mm Production capacity 0.2 hectares per day Suitable for growing green onions, garlic and beans, as you need a tractor to operate it as shown in the following figure:-

 In this picture, a machine consisting of three rows of post-transplant service operations shows a model of a mechanically farmed land.

1. Irrigation of garlic : 

Usually, the land is irrigated immediately after planting, even if it was irrigated earlier for cultivation, whether in the old lands (the valley and the delta) or the sandy and newly reclaimed lands. At the level of humidity (80%) to the extent that guarantees good germination while avoiding the exposure of plants to water stress during their growth. 

In the case of surface irrigation by immersion and heavy yellow lands, it is preferable that the irrigation be done on cold so that the lobes are not washed away with irrigation water and until the water reaches the lobes softly in the case of cultivation on Lines. It is preferable to give the eraser irrigation after about 4-7 days of planting irrigation to help complete germination well and for the stability and success of the seedlings.

 Irrigation is done every 3-4 days, then every 5-7 days, and then every 7-10 days so that the soil does not crack and cause damage to the seedlings. After that, irrigation must be regular according to the condition of the plant, type of soil, irrigation method, and weather conditions; irrigation before rooting plants should be from 7 to 10 days in sandy lands and from 15 to 21 days in heavy lands.

 Irrigation in sandy and newly reclaimed lands:

 In it, drip irrigation or spraying is carried out, as irrigation depends on the nature of the soil, the extent of its water retention, and the weather conditions prevailing in the region. In some areas, irrigation may reach irrigation several times daily, daily, or day after day. Pre-harvest Irrigation is prohibited for 7-10 days in sandy lands.

In the case of cultivation under the sprinkler irrigation system, the land's field capacity must be maintained up to 80% in the area of ​​seed germination until the germination is complete. After that, the water is gradually reduced so mold or fungal diseases do not spread among the plants. Irrigation should be done early in the morning or evening after low soil temperatures.

 **

 * Remember that reducing irrigation rates below the appropriate rate causes poor vegetative growth.

The increase in irrigation water leads to an increase in the spread and severity of fungal diseases, with no benefit from added fertilizers and a decrease in the ability to handle them.

1- Perform the patching process:

Absent lobes can be replanted after about 25 days with the same type of seed, and the lobes must be soaked in water before planting for a period commensurate with the cultivated variety.

2- Weed control:

Weeds play an essential role in transmitting diseases and insects. In addition to competing with garlic plants in the food and place, weed resistance in garlic fields is necessary for a good crop with good export specifications. Neglecting the weed control process will not be in the interest of garlic plants because they are weak and thin. At the beginning of their life, they cannot compete with the weeds growing in high density.

Weed control is divided into:

A- Manual control:  

Manual control begins with a solar sterilization process by covering the soil after

 irrigation with transparent plastic for 4-6 weeks before planting or hoeing, where the ground is hoped after the integration of germination several times to get rid of weeds, provided that the first hoe is scribbled only not to affect the roots of young plants. Growing weeds can be reduced by following an agricultural cycle, good plowing, and not adding organic fertilizers contaminated with weed seeds, such as sheep and goat waste fertilizers.

A- Chemical weed control:  

Control of broad-leaved and narrow-leaved annuals.

 According to the Ministry of Agriculture's recommendations (approved recommendations to combat agricultural pests 2017), spraying is carried out with one of the following pesticides: onions.

1. After preparing the land, planning, planting, and irrigating it directly, spray the ground with Stomp an Extra 45.5% CS at a rate of 1.5 liters per acre.

2. Spraying with stung insecticide 33% EC at a rate of 2.5 liters/acre of sprinkler per year after 21 days of planting.

3- Spraying with Omega 33% EC At a rate of 2 liters/acre.

4- Oxyphene 24% at a rate of 750 cm 3 per feddan.     

5- Joule 4F 48% 400 CS cm 3 per feddan.

Annual grass weeds can be controlled with one of the following pesticides: -

1- Galant Super 10.8% EC at a 200 cm 3 / feddan rate, sprinkled annually after 21 days of planting.

2- JIACO 10.8% EC at a rate of 650 cm 3 / feddan, sprinkled annually after 21 days of planting.

4- Fertilization:

Garlic is one of the least absorbent plants of nutrients due to its limited number, shallow roots, and lack of deep roots in the soil. Therefore, it is vital to implement a fertilizer program adapted to these conditions in order to help achieve an ideal crop. The fertilizer additions must be as close as possible to the root area so that they are in the soft image of the roots. 

It is worth noting that Nitrogen and potassium are two of the elements that garlic needs in relatively large quantities. Like nitrogen, most phosphorous is required at an early stage in the plant's life to ensure good root growth and promote its establishment. Potassium is essential as it involves the addition of high rates of Nitrogen. Adding potassium maintains plant productivity by increasing dry matter and the accumulation of sugars in the head.

 The importance of the nutrients of the garlic plant:

Nitrogen:

One of the significant elements that are very important for plant growth and its deficiency in the soil leads to weak and slow growth, yellowing of the lower leaves, and the small size of the bulbs formed. Increasing it more than the plant needs leads to many problems, including increasing the thickness of the petioles and lowering their quality, high incidence of diseases, and increased content of bulbs and lobes of water, Which leads to a decrease in its storage capacity.

 Phosphorous:

Phosphorous is one of the essential elements to increase the percentage of roots and then absorb other nutrients with high efficiency, which is reflected in plant growth and increased productivity. Therefore, phosphorous must be available for young seedlings, as it was found that the benefit of plants in the early ages is enormous.

Potassium :

Potassium is one of the critical elements in creating water balance within the plant. It is also considered the engine for transporting nutrients from the leaves to the storage places (heads), and the lack of this element leads to the small size of the resulting heads with low storage qualities.

Magnesium:

It is central to the chlorophyll molecule and is essential throughout the growth of the garlic crop.

Sulfur:

Sulfur is an essential element in the production of garlic. It is responsible for the distinctive taste of the cloves, and the garlic plant needs it in abundance during the stage of forming the heads.

Micronutrients:

Boron, iron, and zinc are the most critical micro-elements for feeding garlic plants. Adding zinc to the water used to soak the cloves before planting them accelerates and improves the germination rate. Boron and iron are also essential and affect the quantity and quality of the crop.

Soil acidity and its effect on the affordability of plant nutrients:

The following figure shows the degree of soil pH and its impact on the availability of nutrients. The previous figure shows that each of the nutrients for the plant has a specific pH, which makes it easy and suitable for absorption by the roots of the plant. In an appropriate amount when the soil pH is neutral (PH7).

The forms and quantity of added fertilizers in each fertilizer batch, as well as the method of adding them according to the irrigation method followed, are as follows: -

First, fertilizing garlic in the old lands (the valley and the delta):

In such lands, the method of surface irrigation by immersion is the method used in irrigating all field and horticultural crops, including garlic, and the following table shows the dates of adding different fertilizers and the quantities of their additions: -